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Foot-lamberts: how bright a cinema screen should be
A foot-lambert (fL) is the unit cinema uses for screen brightness. The reference for 2D digital cinema is 14 fL, which is 48 candelas per square metre.
Also written: fL · fL · ftL · nits · cd/m²
The reference points
| Standard | Value |
|---|---|
| 1 foot-lambert | 3.426 cd/m² (nits) |
| 2D digital cinema reference | 14 fL (48 cd/m²) at screen centre, with a small tolerance |
| Typical 3D in practice | Often a fraction of the 2D figure, because polarising or shutter systems throw light away |
| Premium HDR formats | Considerably higher — some premium formats target over 100 nits |
Why brightness drifts
A xenon lamp loses output steadily over its life, and a laser module more slowly. A screen gets dirtier. A port glass collects dust. None of it happens overnight, which is why nobody notices a room that has slid from 14 fL to 9 — until the audience does, in the form of a vaguely flat and murky picture they cannot name.
3D is the worst case. Glasses and filters absorb a large share of the light, and a projector that is already dim in 2D can be genuinely hard to watch in 3D. It is one of the quieter reasons 3D lost audiences.
How to check it
A spot meter pointed at screen centre with a white test pattern is the whole procedure, and a quarterly reading per screen is enough to catch drift. The fix is usually unglamorous — a lamp change, a clean port glass, or a laser power adjustment — and the reward is a picture that matches what the audience paid for.
Frequently asked questions
How bright should a cinema screen be?
The DCI reference for 2D digital cinema is 14 foot-lamberts (48 cd/m²) at screen centre.
How many nits is a foot-lambert?
One foot-lambert is about 3.426 nits (cd/m²), so the 14 fL cinema reference is about 48 nits.
Why is 3D so dark?
3D glasses and polarising or shutter systems absorb a large share of the projector's light, so the screen is much dimmer than the 2D reference unless the projector has light to spare.
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